GEOGRAPHY
Acculturation
Acculturation explains the process of cultural and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both interacting cultures. At the group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, customs, and social institutions. Noticeable group level effects of acculturation often include changes in food, clothing, and language. At the individual level, differences in the way individuals acculturate have been shown to be associated not just with changes in daily behavior, but with numerous measures of psychological and physical well-being. As enculturation is used to describe the process of first-culture learning, acculturation can be thought of as second-culture learning.
http://denijusmani.blogspot.com/2010/01/hindu-culture-acculturation-budha-islam.html
http://archipeddy.com/motivator/indo_sinology.html
http://denijusmani.blogspot.com/2010/01/hindu-culture-acculturation-budha-islam.html
http://archipeddy.com/motivator/indo_sinology.html
Islam Acculturation in Indonesia
1. Clothing
In Arabia, the muslim woman must wear veil (jilbab) to cover all of their body. They wear clothes very closed. But if in Indonesia, the muslim woman only wear the jilbab' hood (kerudung). 2. Religion
In Arabia, the muslim people have the freedom of their clothes when they went to Masjid to pray. But if in Indonesia, when the muslim people want to pray at Masjid, they must wear mukena. 3. Art Building
The form of art building acculturation is found on |
Chinese Acculturation in Indonesia
Wayang Potehi
This is an art show just like a puppet show (wooden puppets). Bakcang
Long ago, The Chinese people believed that bakcang food is used to respect the heros who died of being maligned. So, the tradition is eating bakcang. Bakcang consists of minced meat as the contents of glutinous rice wrapped in bamboo leaves and bamboo rope tied. But in Indonesia, Bakcang are found in many places. Such as the traditional market, etc. LumpiaIn Indonesia, The main content of the skin of Lumpia Semarang is sliced bamboo shoots, while in China, the main content is mihun (noodles).
Chinese New YearIn China, people celebrate Chinese New Year for 2 weeks 1 day (15 days).
But in Indonesia, they only celebrate it for a day. The tradition in Indonesia is eating with their big family, then ask for angpao. |
Western Acculturation in Indonesia
1.
Buddhist & Hindu Acculturation in Indonesia
The entry of Hindu-Buddhist culture in Indonesia led to the emergence of acculturation. Acculturation is the cultural mix of 2 cultures where both elements can coexist met and are complementary and do not remove the original elements of both these cultures. Hindu-Buddhist culture that entered in Indonesia are not taken for granted but rather through a process of processing and adjustment with the Indonesian community living conditions without removing the original elements. This is because:
1. Indonesian society has a cultural basis that is high enough so that the entry of foreign cultures to increase vocabulary Indonesia Indonesian culture.
2. Special skills possessed Indonesian nation or the local genius of a nation is the ability to accept elements of foreign culture and cultivate these elements in accordance with Indonesian national identity.
The influence of Hindu culture only complement the existing culture in Indonesia. The combination of Hindu-Buddhist culture gave birth to acculturation is still maintained until now. Acculturation is a result of processing in accordance with the foreign culture of Indonesian culture. The results are shown in acculturation.
1. Social
After the entry of the Hindu religion there is a change in the social fabric of Indonesian society. This is evident with the familiar division of society on caste.
2. Economy
In the not so big economic impact on Indonesian society. This is because the public has known shipping and trade long before the entry of Hindu-Buddhist influences in Indonesia.
3. Governance System
Before the entry of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia, the system of government by chiefs chosen because it has certain advantages compared to other group members. When the influence of Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the stands, led by a king who ruled for generations. King considered as keturuanan of god that has power, respected, and revered. Thus strengthening its position to rule the hereditary monarchy. And leave the system of government chiefs.
4. Education
Hindu-Buddhist influx also affect the lives of Indonesian society in the field of education. For the Indonesian people not previously familiar with the writing. But with the entry of Hindu-Buddhist, part of Indonesian society began to recognize reading and writing culture.
Evidence of influence in education in Indonesia, namely:
ü With the use of Sanskrit language and letters Pallawa the lives of Indonesian society. Language is primarily used among the clergy and nobility of the kingdom. Have begun to use language Kawi, the ancient Javanese and Balinese languages Ancient which is derived from Sanskrit.
ü It has been known as boarding education system (ashram), and established special schools to learn the Hindu-Buddhist religions. Educational system is then adapted and developed as an educational system that have many applications in various kingdoms in Indonesia.
ü Other evidence was the birth of many high-quality literary works that are interpretations of the stories in the Hindu-Buddhist culture. Example:
· Master Sedah and Panuluh with his Bharatayudha
· Kanwa Professor Arjuna with his Wiwaha
· Dharmaja with his Master Smaradhana
· Master Prapanca with his Negarakertagama
· Master Tantular with his Sutasoma.
ü Hindu influence is also visible in the Buddhist teaching character development based on the teachings of the Hindu-Buddhist religions. Education emphasizes compassion, peace and mutual respect for fellow human beings began to be known and obliged by some Indonesian society today.
The first priest to come to Indonesia to provide education and teaching of Hinduism to the Indonesian people. They come because the beginning of trade relations. The priest then set up the places of education known as pasraman. This is where people get teaching. Because it appears that education leaders of Hindu society who have more knowledge and produce a variety of literary works.
Rakyat Indonesia, which has obtained the education and then spread to the others. Some of them are going to place the origin of religion. To enhance knowledge and perform pilgrimage. On his return from there they spread the religion to use their own language that can be easily accepted by the community of origin.
Buddhism seems that in former times there has been great Buddhist teachers, such as in Sriwijaya there Dharmakirti, Sakyakirti, Dharmapala. Even the king of gods Balaputra establish a special dormitory for the education of students prior to his education in Bengal (India)
5. Trust
Before entering the Hindu-Buddhist influence to Indonesia, the Indonesian people to know and have confidence in the worship of ancestral spirits (animism and dynamism). The entry of Hindu-Buddhist religions encourage people of Indonesia began to adopt the Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, although not leave the original as the worship of ancestral spirits and the gods of nature. Such has happened sinkritisme ie penyatuaan old ideas such as animism, dynamism, totemism in the Hindu-Buddhist religious.
Example:
In East Java developed flow as the Tantrayana Kertanagara of Singasari which is penjelmaaan Shiva. Belief in ancestral spirits still embodied in the mengandakan funeral feast 3 days, 7 days, 40 days, 100 days, 1 year, 2 years and 1000 days, and there are still many things done by the Java community.
6. Arts and Culture
The influence of Indian art of Indonesian art evident in the areas below:
Arts Building
Arts building was in the building of the temple as a form of a mixture of original art of the Indonesian nation with the Hindu-Buddhist art. Temple is a form of manifestation of cultural acculturation of Indonesia with India. Temple is the result of building megalithic era berundak punden building steps that have been influenced Hindu Buddha. For example Borobudur temple. In the temple is also accompanied by a variety of objects that come equipped buried the grave so-called temple also serves as a tomb rather than merely as the god's house. While Buddhist temple, only to be places of worship are not gods and pripih casket's ashes planted around temples in the stupa building.
Arts
Appeared in the form of fine art sculpture and reliefs.
The statue can be seen on the discovery of Buddha statues in Wake berlanggam Kutai Gandara. Buddha statue and berlanggam Amarawati in Sikending (South Sulawesi). In addition there are also statues reliefs on temple walls as found in the Borobudur reliefs of the Buddha and the story of Indonesia's natural atmosphere.
Art Literature and script
Initial period in Central Java, the Hindu literary influence is strong enough.
Middle period of the Indonesian people start doing the work of Indian adaptation.
For example: The Book is a piece Mahabharata Bharatayudha Mpu Sedah and Panuluh. The contents of the story about the war during the 18 days between the Pandavas against the Kauravas. The experts argued that the content is actually a struggle for power within the family of Kediri kings.
Inscriptions are written in Sanskrit and letters Pallawa. Sanskrit is widely used in ancient books / Literary India. Acculturation experience with childbirth Javanese ancient Javanese script Pallawa were modified in accordance with the understanding and taste of Java so that the ancient Javanese and Balinese Ancient. Development into current Javanese and Balinese script. In the kingdom of Srivijaya Pallawa letter evolved into Nagari letters.
7. Technology
Indonesian society from before the entry of Hindu-Buddhist culture was already high enough. With the influence of Hindu-Buddhist culture in Indonesia further enhance the already-owned technology Indonesian nation before. Hindu-Buddhist influence on the technological developments in Indonesia visible kemaritiman, construction and agriculture.
Kemaritiman developments appear as more port cities, expedition cruises and trade between countries. In addition, the Indonesian nation, a new beginning can make the boat as a means of transportation then began to make a boat bercadik.
A combination of knowledge and technology from India to Indonesia is also in the creation and establishment of both the temple of the Hindu temples and Buddhist.
The temple building is the work of building experts Hindu-Buddhist culture that has values very high. Also visible in the writing-prasastri inscription on the large stones that require expertise, knowledge, and high writing techniques. Knowledge and the introduction of high technology made by generations from one generation to the next.
In the field of agriculture, was with the management of a good irrigation system was introduced and developed at the time of the entry of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia. Look at the reliefs depicting the temple irrigation technology in the Majapahit era.
8. Calendar System
Adopted from the system calendar / calendar India. This was shown by the:
· Use Saka year in Indonesia. Created a calendar with the name Saka year, which began in 78 AD (the year of the Sun, Samsiah years) at the time of King Kanishka I was crowned the number of days in 1 year was 365 days. By the Balinese, Saka year is not based on the Solar system but Pramana Pramana Chandra system (year-month, lunar year) in year 1 was 354 days. Summer to fall on the same day in March where the sun, the earth, the moon is in a straight line. The day is celebrated as Nyepi.
· Found Candrasangkala / Kronogram there in order to commemorate the event with the year / calendar saka. Candrasangkala is the number of letters in the form of sentence structure / word picture. If an image must be interpreted in the form of a sentence.
1. Indonesian society has a cultural basis that is high enough so that the entry of foreign cultures to increase vocabulary Indonesia Indonesian culture.
2. Special skills possessed Indonesian nation or the local genius of a nation is the ability to accept elements of foreign culture and cultivate these elements in accordance with Indonesian national identity.
The influence of Hindu culture only complement the existing culture in Indonesia. The combination of Hindu-Buddhist culture gave birth to acculturation is still maintained until now. Acculturation is a result of processing in accordance with the foreign culture of Indonesian culture. The results are shown in acculturation.
1. Social
After the entry of the Hindu religion there is a change in the social fabric of Indonesian society. This is evident with the familiar division of society on caste.
2. Economy
In the not so big economic impact on Indonesian society. This is because the public has known shipping and trade long before the entry of Hindu-Buddhist influences in Indonesia.
3. Governance System
Before the entry of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia, the system of government by chiefs chosen because it has certain advantages compared to other group members. When the influence of Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in the stands, led by a king who ruled for generations. King considered as keturuanan of god that has power, respected, and revered. Thus strengthening its position to rule the hereditary monarchy. And leave the system of government chiefs.
4. Education
Hindu-Buddhist influx also affect the lives of Indonesian society in the field of education. For the Indonesian people not previously familiar with the writing. But with the entry of Hindu-Buddhist, part of Indonesian society began to recognize reading and writing culture.
Evidence of influence in education in Indonesia, namely:
ü With the use of Sanskrit language and letters Pallawa the lives of Indonesian society. Language is primarily used among the clergy and nobility of the kingdom. Have begun to use language Kawi, the ancient Javanese and Balinese languages Ancient which is derived from Sanskrit.
ü It has been known as boarding education system (ashram), and established special schools to learn the Hindu-Buddhist religions. Educational system is then adapted and developed as an educational system that have many applications in various kingdoms in Indonesia.
ü Other evidence was the birth of many high-quality literary works that are interpretations of the stories in the Hindu-Buddhist culture. Example:
· Master Sedah and Panuluh with his Bharatayudha
· Kanwa Professor Arjuna with his Wiwaha
· Dharmaja with his Master Smaradhana
· Master Prapanca with his Negarakertagama
· Master Tantular with his Sutasoma.
ü Hindu influence is also visible in the Buddhist teaching character development based on the teachings of the Hindu-Buddhist religions. Education emphasizes compassion, peace and mutual respect for fellow human beings began to be known and obliged by some Indonesian society today.
The first priest to come to Indonesia to provide education and teaching of Hinduism to the Indonesian people. They come because the beginning of trade relations. The priest then set up the places of education known as pasraman. This is where people get teaching. Because it appears that education leaders of Hindu society who have more knowledge and produce a variety of literary works.
Rakyat Indonesia, which has obtained the education and then spread to the others. Some of them are going to place the origin of religion. To enhance knowledge and perform pilgrimage. On his return from there they spread the religion to use their own language that can be easily accepted by the community of origin.
Buddhism seems that in former times there has been great Buddhist teachers, such as in Sriwijaya there Dharmakirti, Sakyakirti, Dharmapala. Even the king of gods Balaputra establish a special dormitory for the education of students prior to his education in Bengal (India)
5. Trust
Before entering the Hindu-Buddhist influence to Indonesia, the Indonesian people to know and have confidence in the worship of ancestral spirits (animism and dynamism). The entry of Hindu-Buddhist religions encourage people of Indonesia began to adopt the Hindu-Buddhist beliefs, although not leave the original as the worship of ancestral spirits and the gods of nature. Such has happened sinkritisme ie penyatuaan old ideas such as animism, dynamism, totemism in the Hindu-Buddhist religious.
Example:
In East Java developed flow as the Tantrayana Kertanagara of Singasari which is penjelmaaan Shiva. Belief in ancestral spirits still embodied in the mengandakan funeral feast 3 days, 7 days, 40 days, 100 days, 1 year, 2 years and 1000 days, and there are still many things done by the Java community.
6. Arts and Culture
The influence of Indian art of Indonesian art evident in the areas below:
Arts Building
Arts building was in the building of the temple as a form of a mixture of original art of the Indonesian nation with the Hindu-Buddhist art. Temple is a form of manifestation of cultural acculturation of Indonesia with India. Temple is the result of building megalithic era berundak punden building steps that have been influenced Hindu Buddha. For example Borobudur temple. In the temple is also accompanied by a variety of objects that come equipped buried the grave so-called temple also serves as a tomb rather than merely as the god's house. While Buddhist temple, only to be places of worship are not gods and pripih casket's ashes planted around temples in the stupa building.
Arts
Appeared in the form of fine art sculpture and reliefs.
The statue can be seen on the discovery of Buddha statues in Wake berlanggam Kutai Gandara. Buddha statue and berlanggam Amarawati in Sikending (South Sulawesi). In addition there are also statues reliefs on temple walls as found in the Borobudur reliefs of the Buddha and the story of Indonesia's natural atmosphere.
Art Literature and script
Initial period in Central Java, the Hindu literary influence is strong enough.
Middle period of the Indonesian people start doing the work of Indian adaptation.
For example: The Book is a piece Mahabharata Bharatayudha Mpu Sedah and Panuluh. The contents of the story about the war during the 18 days between the Pandavas against the Kauravas. The experts argued that the content is actually a struggle for power within the family of Kediri kings.
Inscriptions are written in Sanskrit and letters Pallawa. Sanskrit is widely used in ancient books / Literary India. Acculturation experience with childbirth Javanese ancient Javanese script Pallawa were modified in accordance with the understanding and taste of Java so that the ancient Javanese and Balinese Ancient. Development into current Javanese and Balinese script. In the kingdom of Srivijaya Pallawa letter evolved into Nagari letters.
7. Technology
Indonesian society from before the entry of Hindu-Buddhist culture was already high enough. With the influence of Hindu-Buddhist culture in Indonesia further enhance the already-owned technology Indonesian nation before. Hindu-Buddhist influence on the technological developments in Indonesia visible kemaritiman, construction and agriculture.
Kemaritiman developments appear as more port cities, expedition cruises and trade between countries. In addition, the Indonesian nation, a new beginning can make the boat as a means of transportation then began to make a boat bercadik.
A combination of knowledge and technology from India to Indonesia is also in the creation and establishment of both the temple of the Hindu temples and Buddhist.
The temple building is the work of building experts Hindu-Buddhist culture that has values very high. Also visible in the writing-prasastri inscription on the large stones that require expertise, knowledge, and high writing techniques. Knowledge and the introduction of high technology made by generations from one generation to the next.
In the field of agriculture, was with the management of a good irrigation system was introduced and developed at the time of the entry of Hindu-Buddhist in Indonesia. Look at the reliefs depicting the temple irrigation technology in the Majapahit era.
8. Calendar System
Adopted from the system calendar / calendar India. This was shown by the:
· Use Saka year in Indonesia. Created a calendar with the name Saka year, which began in 78 AD (the year of the Sun, Samsiah years) at the time of King Kanishka I was crowned the number of days in 1 year was 365 days. By the Balinese, Saka year is not based on the Solar system but Pramana Pramana Chandra system (year-month, lunar year) in year 1 was 354 days. Summer to fall on the same day in March where the sun, the earth, the moon is in a straight line. The day is celebrated as Nyepi.
· Found Candrasangkala / Kronogram there in order to commemorate the event with the year / calendar saka. Candrasangkala is the number of letters in the form of sentence structure / word picture. If an image must be interpreted in the form of a sentence.